napster Argumentative Essay Example For Students

napster Argumentative Essay James A. IrvinBUSI 472Case #5Napster: The Debate Over Copyright InfringementIn mid 1999, Shawn Fanning, a Northeastern University rookie, made Napster programming. That late spring he made it accessible for nothing through his Napster.com site. Napster is a distributed innovation, which makes it workable for clients to uninhibitedly share their music records through the web with different clients everywhere throughout the world. In particular, this is the manner by which Napster works:1.)A client sends a solicitation for a tune. 2.)Napster checks its database of music to check whether the tune is on the PC hard-drive of another Napster client whose PC is turned on (Note: No music is put away onNapster servers). 3.)Napster finds the tune. We will compose a custom article on napster Argumentative explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now 4.)Napster sends the melody in MP3 configuration to the client who requestedOn December 6, 1999 the record business sued Napster in Federal District Court for copyright encroachments, and appealed to that court to close down Napster. On July 26, 2000 the adjudicator gave a transitory directive to close down Napster, and the following day Napster bid the decision before the U.S. Court of Appeals in San Francisco. The next day the Appeals Court allowed Napster brief relief against directive so they could additionally audit the order demand. On October 2, 2000 the contradicting parties introduced their supporting contentions under the steady gaze of the Court. The case was at long last settled on February 12, 2001 when a decision by the District Court of Appeals maintained the first decision that Napster knew its clients were trading copyrighted materials. In this way, Napster was requested to quit permitting its a large number of clients to trade copyrighted material without a charge. There are a few moral issues associated with this case. First is the burglary of the copyrighted music delivered by specialists who have not given Napster the option to transmit their music. Also, is the privilege of Napster to offer a genuine support to purchasers, and how that privilege has been assaulted by specialists in the chronicle business. There are, undoubtedly, different sides to this story. The partners associated with this case are the specialists, the chronicle business all in all, retailers, and shoppers. These partners are influenced similarly in this issue. The specialists, recording industry, and music retailers face significant loss of salary if shoppers acknowledge, and choose, that they can basically download music as opposed to buying it. In like manner, the shopper currently has the chance to get music for nothing for which they in any case would have needed to pay, maybe a falsely significant expense. Among the Biblical measures present for this situation are trust, regard, obligation, reasonableness, and citizenship. As for trust, Napster claims that it has placed trust in its clients that they won't download or share copyrighted material. Despite the fact that Napster itself doesn't take any copyrighted material, it has been demonstrated that, as a rule, its clients do. Napster clients have not demonstrated regard for the independence of the specialists who produce the copyrighted music that they are downloading. Despite the fact that the organization is accepting a lot of analysis, Napster has given some similarity to obligation, reasonableness, and citizenship. Napster has shown obligation by offering $1 billion to the account business to settle its claim. It has exhibited decency and citizenship by helping out the fair treatment of the law and complying with the orders of the Court. The organization was sued, at that point documented an intrigue to the choice passed on by the court, lost its allure, lastly complied with the courts administering. One option Napster could seek after is work with the music business to convey certain example tracks to the public.These tracks could be appropriated sovereignty free as advancement for the collection, or Napster could consent to pay eminences. A helpful exertion with the music business has the upside of being absolutely lawful and halting all contentions among Napster and the RIAA. Be that as it may, such a model would mean an extraordinary decrease in the quantity of tunes accessible and would dispose of the sharing part of the program. .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .postImageUrl , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:hover , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:visited , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:active { border:0!important; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:active , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:hover { darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u18da4055289a79b5f 89b65e4cbf49391 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Menschenschreck Analysis EssayAnother choice for Napster, however it would be unscrupulous, would be that being embraced by other comparable data sharing applications like Freenet and Gnutella is to make record moves over the application unknown. Adding to that, the way that the focal servers themselves don't need to contain any copyrighted records, finding clients penetrating copyright enactment will be unbelievably troublesome. Bit of leeway of the unknown shared model is that if no company, individual or other substance claims possession, nobody can be sued. What's more, in light of the fact that no records are put away on the fo cal server, no copyright is being encroached there. The weakness of this strategy, would be that Napster would in any case be violating the law, and without a doubt new enactment would be gotten and measures would be taken to stop the administration. Moreover, on the off chance that Napster couldn't assume praise formally for their product, at that point they couldn't benefit from it, something they have to do, thinking about the interest in the organization. Maybe the ideal answer for Napsters issue is the chance of a satellite TV type installment. Clients pay a specific month to month charge for all the downloaded music they needed. They could visit with their preferred specialists, get first case on show passes, and peruse conceivable downloads by kind. The new framework would pay the craftsmen their eminences and sell a huge number of more seasoned titles that at present are sitting in vaults in light of the fact that no stores will give them rack space. This alternative has the upsides of collaboration between the music business and Napster. Napster clients will have a similar sort of administration as they do now, with additional items so they wont need to go to no-charge choices (Gnutella and Freenet). Music organizations will have the option to utilize the Internet for deals of all their product. On the off chance that music organizations can bundle a superior encounter individuals will pay for it. In an ongoing study of understud ies multiple thirds of the respondents would pay for a $20 dollar month to month charge of a comparable help. The main predictable drawback of this arrangement is the believability of the record organizations coordinating in such an exertion.

Einstein And Life Essays - Albert Einstein, Sigma Xi,

Einstein And Life At the point when I was a genuinely gifted youngster I turned out to be altogether dazzled with the vanity of the expectations and strivings that pursuit most men fretfully through life. Additionally, I before long found the cold-bloodedness of that pursuit, which in those years was significantly more deliberately concealed by fraud and sparkling words than is the situation today. By the minor presence of his stomach everybody was sentenced to take part in that pursuit. The stomach likely could be fulfilled by such investment, yet not man to the extent that he is a reasoning and feeling being. As the primary a long distance was religion, which is embedded into each kid by method of the conventional instruction machine. In this manner I came - however the offspring of completely skeptical (Jewish) guardians - to a profound strictness, which, be that as it may, arrived at an unexpected end at twelve years old. Through the perusing of famous logical books I before long arrived at the co nviction that much in the narratives of the Bible couldn't be valid. The outcome was a decidedly enthusiast blow out of freethinking combined with the feeling that young is deliberately being beguiled by the state through untruths; it was a devastating impression. Doubt of each sort of power became out of this experience, a suspicious demeanor toward the feelings that were alive in a particular social condition a mentality that has never again left me, despite the fact that, later on, it has been tempered by a superior knowledge into the causal associations. It is very obvious to me that the strict heaven of youth, which was consequently lost, was a first endeavor to liberate myself from the chains of the just close to home, from a presence ruled by wishes, expectations, and crude sentiments. Out there was this immense world, which exists freely of us people and which remains before us like an extraordinary, everlasting conundrum, at any rate halfway available to our investigation a nd thinking. The consideration of this world allured as a freedom, and I before long saw that numerous a man whom I had figured out how to regard and to respect had discovered internal opportunity and security in its interest. The psychological handle of this extra-individual world inside the casing of our capacities introduced itself to my brain, half deliberately, half unknowingly, as a preeminent objective. So also inspired men of the present and of the past, just as the bits of knowledge they had accomplished, were the companions who couldn't be lost. The way to this heaven was not as agreeable and appealing as the way to the strict heaven; however it has shown itself dependable, and I have never lamented having picked it. History Essays

100 Must-Read Books Translated From French

100 Must-Read Books Translated From French French is a rich language, and its literature is richer still. Where to start with getting to know this literature? In honour of Bastille Day and Belgiums National Day in July, I humbly suggest the (non-exclusive) list of books below. Theyve all been translated into English (sometimes multiple times) and are must-reads for different reasons. Maybe they are oft-studied classics, or written by popular contemporary authors, or the language is beautiful, or the themes are important, or they are representative of a genre that is done well by Francophone writers. There are poems, plays, novels, essays, and bandes dessinées. There are books from Québec and Belgium and various French-speaking African countries as well as France itself. (Thanks to wordswithoutborders.org, frenchculture.org, and various university syllabi for helping me fill in the gaps in my knowledge.) A Bag of Marbles, by  Joseph Joffo A Dilemma, by Joris-Karl Huysmans, transl. Justin Vicari A Novel Bookstore, by Laurence Cossé, transl. Alison Anderson   A Very Long Engagement, by Sébastien Japrisot, transl. Linda Coverdale After the Crash, by Michel Bussi, transl. Sam Taylor Algerian White, by Assia Djebar, transl. David Kelley Ambiguous Adventure, by Cheikh Hamidou Kane, transl. Katherine Woods Antigone, by Anouilh, transl. Barbara Bray Apocalypse Baby, by Virginie Despentes, transl. Sian Reynolds Around the World in Eighty Days, by Jules Verne, transl George Makepeace Towle Arsène Lupin, Gentleman-Thief, by Maurice Leblanc Asterix in Britain, by René Gosciny and Albert Uderzo, transl. Anthea Bell and Derek Hockridge Bel-Ami, by Guy de Maupassant, transl. Douglas Parmee Benny Shrimp, by Katarine Mazetti, transl. Sarah Death Bonjour Tristesse, by Françoise Sagan, transl. Irene Ash Candide: Or, Optimism, by Voltaire, transl. Theo Cuffe Cyrano de Bergerac, by Edmond Rostand, transl. Lowell Bair Dangerous Liaisons, by Pierre-Ambroise Choderlos de Laclos, transl. Helen Constantine Destination Moon, by Hergé, transl. Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper Dreams of my Russian Summers, by Andreï Makine, transl. Geoffrey Strachan Elise or The Real Life, by Claire Etcherelli, transl. JP Wilson Exercises In Style, by Raymond Queneau, transl. Barbara Wright Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade, by Assia Djebar, transl. Dorothy S. Blair Fear and Trembling, by Amélie Nothomb, transl. Adriana Hunter For Bread Alone, by Mohamed Choukri, transl. Paul Bowles French Women Poets of Nine Centuries: The Distaff and the Pen, by Norman R Shapiro Germinal, by Emile Zola, transl. Roger Pearson Gods Bits of Wood,  by Sembène Ousmane, transl. Ros Schwartz How to Talk about Books You Havent Read, by Pierre Bayard, transl. Jeffrey Mehlman Hunting and Gathering, by Anna Gavalda, transl. Alison Anderson I Am Fifteen and I Dont Want to Die, by Christine Arnothy If Only It Were True, by Marc Levy, transl. Jeremy Leggatt In the Name of God, by Yasmina Khadra, transl. Linda Black Kiffe Kiffe Tomorrow, by Faïza Guène, transl. Sarah Adams Last Love Poems of Paul Eluard, by Paul Eluard, transl. Marilyn Kallet Eugelionne, by Louky Bersianik Les Misérables, by Victor Hugo, transl.  Charles Wilbour Madame Bovary, by Flaubert, transl. Lydia Davis Maigrets First Case, by Georges Simenon, transl. Ros Schwartz Mission to Kala, by Mongo Beti, transl. Peter Green Moderato Cantabile, by Marguerite Dumas, transl. Richard Seaver My Fathers Glory My Mothers Castle: Marcel Pagnols Memories of Childhood, by Marcel Pagnol, transl. Rita Barisse Nedjma, by Yacine Kateb, transl. Richard Howard No Exit, by Jean-Paul Sartre, transl. Stuart Gilbert Losing North: Essays on Cultural Exile, by Nancy Huston, transl. Nancy Huston Oscar and the Lady in Pink, by Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt, transl. Adriana Hunter Poems of Emile Verhaeren, by Emile Verhaeren, transl. Alma Strettell Rhinoceros, by Eugène Ionesco Sarahs Key, by Tatiana de Rosnay Savage Seasons, by Kettly Mars, transl. Jeanine Herman Selected Poems, by Emile Nelligan, transl. P.F. Nelligan Silent Day in Tangier, by Tahar Ben Jelloun, transl. D. Lobdelli So Long a Letter, by Mariama Bâ, transl. Modupe Bode-Thomas Sphinx, by Anne Garréta, transl. Emma Ramadan Submission by Michel Houellebecq, transl. Lorin Stein Suite Française by Irène Némirovsky, transl. Sandra Smith Suspended Sentences: Three Novellas, by Patrick Modiano, transl. Mark Polizzotti Swanns Way, by Marcel Proust, transl. Lydia Davis The Cid, by Pierre Corneille, transl. John Cairncross The Complete Essays, by Michel de Montaigne, transl. M.A. Screech The Count of Monte-Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, transl. Robin Buss The Dark Child by Camara Laye, transl. Ernest Jones and James Kirkup The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, by Jean-Dominique Bauby, transl. Jeremy Leggatt The Elegance of the Hedgehog, by Muriel Barbery, transl. Alison Anderson The Exchange of Princesses, by Chantal Thomas, transl. John Cullen The Extraordinary Journey of the Fakir who got trapped in an Ikea Wardrobe, by Romain Puertolas, transl. Sam Taylor The Fairies are Thirsty, by Denise Boucher, transl. Alan Brown The Flowers of Evil, by Charles Baudelaire, transl. James N McGowan The Foreign Student, by Philippe Labro The Grand Repudiation,  by Rachid Boujedra, transl. Golda Lambrova The Hunchback of Notre Dame, by Victor Hugo The Illusionist, by Francois Mallet-Joris, transl. Terry Castle The Imaginary Invalid by Moliere, transl. Henri van Laun The Library of Unrequited Love, by Sophie Divry, transl. Sian Reynolds The Little Prince, by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, transl. Richard Howard The Lover, by Marguerite Duras, transl. Barbara Bray The Meursault Investigation, by Kamel Daoud, transl. John Cullen The Poor Mans Son by Mouloud Feraoun, transl. James D Le Sueur The Red and the Black, by Stendhal, transl. Roger Gard The Red Collar, by Jean-Christophe Rufin, transl. Adriana Hunter The Rights of the Reader, by Daniel Pennac, transl. Sarah Ardizzone The Sand Child, by Tahar Ben Jelloun, transl. Alan Sheridan The Savage Night, by Mohammed Dib, transl. C. Dickson The Scar, by Bruce Lowery, transl. Bruce Lowery The Scorpion: Or, The Imaginary Confession, by Albert Memmi, transl. Eleanor Levieux The Second Sex, by Simone de Beauvoir, transl. Constance Borde The Simple Past, by Driss Chraibi, trans. Hugh A. Harter The Song of Roland, by Unknown Author, transl. Dorothy L Sayers The Stranger, by Albert Camus, transl. Matthew Ward The Suns of Independence, by Ahmadou Kourouma, transl. Adrian Adams The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, transl. Tom Gauld The Wound, by Laurent Mauvignier, transl. Nicole and David Bell The Wretched of the Earth, by Frantz Fanon, transl. Richard Philcox The Year of the Elephant, by Leila Abouzeid, transl. Barbara Parmenter Thérèse and Isabelle, by Vioilette Leduc, transl. Sophie Lewis Tom Is Dead, by Marie Darriesseucq, transl. Lea Hills Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, by Jules Verne, transl. Scott McKowen Waiting For Godot, by Samuel Beckett, transl. Samuel Beckett Will You Be There?  by Guillaume Musso With Downcast Eyes, by Tahar Ben Jelloun, transl. Joachim Neugroschel

Essay on Machiavelli and the Roman Empire - 1489 Words

Machiavelli argued, as Hegel would later, that one must look to history and the accounts of previous nations events in order to quot;sense...that flavor that they have in themselvesquot; in common with those from the past (Discourses 6). This seems to follow the adage that those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it, yet for Machiavelli he seems more concerned with actually emulating history in order to repeat success than looking out for particular things to avoid. For this reason, he pulls examples from an eclectic range of histories in order to demonstrate how his principles in both The Prince and the Discourses on Livy, when followed, will lead to a successful state. In particular, he refers to the Roman Republic†¦show more content†¦Starting out as a principality, one prince after the other begins to quot;surpass the others in sumptuousness and lasciviousness,quot; prompting the people to overthrow him to rid themselves of his tyranny. An aristocracy , which Machiavelli means as a rule of the Good, then takes control, but shortly thereafter they too succumb to the temptation of exploiting their power. Again, the masses must usurp the rule of the few and, still remembering what events had transpired in the past, they keep the power for themselves and establish a popular state. In spite of their good intentions, the people soon find they cant keep a firm control on the populace (quot;a thousand injuries were done every dayquot;) so they regress to a principality. Such a sequence of events would likely go on ad infinitum if the transitions didnt weaken the state to such a degree that its lasting one complete turn of the cycle is less likely than becoming quot;subject to a neighboring state that is ordered better than itquot; (Discourse 11-13). The history of France during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is exemplary of how a state, fortunate to not have been overtaken, will cycle through different types of rule due to the eventual erosionShow MoreRelatedPolitical Ideas of Niccolo Machiavelli, Francesco Guicciardini, and Thomas Hobbes692 Words   |  3 PagesPolitical Ideas of Niccolo Machiavelli, Francesco Guicciardini, and Thomas Hobbes The sections that I will be presenting are 73, 74, and 75. I will discuss the political ideas of Niccolo Machiavelli, Francesco Guicciardini, and Thomas Hobbes during the time of Florence Republic. First, Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy in 1469 at a time when the country was in political upheaval. 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He still received an excellent humanist education from the University of Florence and was soon after appointed as the Second Chancellor of the Republic of Florence.2 His politicalRead MoreEssay about Virtà ¹ in Machiavelli’s Prince1520 Words   |  7 PagesFor most contemporary readers, Niccolà ² Machiavelli is a name synonymous with deceit, cunning, and manipulation, a reputation which stems almost entirely from his authorship of one of the central works of modern political philosophy: The Prince. Given this image, it is incredibly ironic that the Italian word virtà ¹ and its derivatives appear no less than seventy-two times throughout the work. While the translator goes to great lengths to adapt this versatile word to the context of the situation, itRead MoreComparing Machiavelli And The Prince902 Words   |  4 PagesDave Licause European History Machiavelli and the Prince Machiavelli is one of the greatest and most widely recognized humanist authors. 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Is Critical Thinking Overrated Or Under Developed

Is Critical Thinking Overrated or Under-Utilized in Higher Education? By Dr. Bruce A. Johnson | Submitted On December 27, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter 1 Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Dr. Bruce A. Johnson Critical thinking is listed as a desired skill or preferred outcome within many higher education courses. It is something that students are expected to demonstrate through their involvement in the class and learning activities. It may be listed in a rubric and/or stated in the course syllabus, depending upon the requirements of the program or the school itself. There may be varying degrees as to how it is demonstrated and then evaluated, ranging from occasionally to always within a rubric description. It is a common practice to provide students with the course rubrics at the start of class; however, the question becomes: Do students usually know what critical thinking means? Do instructors or schools provide a standard definition? Additional questions that arise include: Do instructors understand the meaning of critical thinking and are they provided with an explanation by the school? These are questions that I sought to answer and I spent over two years talking to instructors andShow MoreRelatedQuestions On T H T Company1899 Words   |  8 Pagesovercome the problem of heuristic processing of the human mind, an individual has to repave such response with more accurately computed response, by mostly knowledge gap in learning the information or the rules. This would bring about less rational thinking errors made by the human mind. 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Children in todays world are more protected than earlier generations and are not expected to mature as quickly or make critical decisions as early. (F) 8. The resilience approach to understanding children provides one example of looking at the deficiencies of human beings (F) 9. Children, as well as adults, need to be treated as worthwhile individuals who can think

Natural Resources and Energy in the Rainforests Free Essays

The beauty, majesty, and timelessness of a primary rainforest is indescribable. It is impossible to capture on film, to describe in words, or to explain to those who have never had the awe-inspiring experience of standing in the heart of a primary rainforest. Rainforests have evolved over millions of years to turn into the incredibly complex environments they are today. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources and Energy in the Rainforests or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rainforests represent a store of living and breathing renewable natural resources that for eons, by virtue of their richness in both animal and plant species, have contributed a wealth of resources for the survival and well-being of humankind. These resources have included basic food supplies, clothing, shelter, fuel, spices, industrial raw materials, and medicine for all those who have lived in the majesty of the forest. However, the inner dynamics of a tropical rainforest is an intricate and fragile system. Everything is so interdependent that upsetting one part can lead to unknown damage or even destruction of the whole. Sadly, it has taken only a century of human intervention to destroy what nature designed to last forever. The scale of human pressures on ecosystems everywhere has increased enormously in the last few decades. Since 1980 the global economy has tripled in size and the world population has increased by 30 percent. Consumption of everything on the planet has risen- at a cost to our ecosystems. In 2001, The World Resources Institute estimated that the demand for rice, wheat, and corn is expected to grow by 40% by 2020, increasing irrigation water demands by 50% or more. They further reported that the demand for wood could double by the year 2050; unfortunately, it is still the tropical forests of the world that supply the bulk of the world’s demand for wood. In 1950, about 15 percent of the Earth’s land surface was covered by rainforest. Today, more than half has already gone up in smoke. In fewer than fifty years, more than half of the world’s tropical rainforests have fallen victim to fire and the chain saw, and the rate of destruction is still accelerating. Unbelievably, more than 200,000 acres of rainforest are burned every day. That is more than 150 acres lost every minute of every day, and 78 million acres lost every year! More than 20 percent of the Amazon rainforest is already gone, and much more is severely threatened as the destruction continues. It is estimated that the Amazon alone is vanishing at a rate of 20,000 square miles a year. If nothing is done to curb this trend, the entire Amazon could well be gone within fifty years. Massive deforestation brings with it many ugly consequences-air and water pollution, soil erosion, malaria epidemics, the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the eviction and decimation of indigenous Indian tribes, and the loss of biodiversity through extinction of plants and animals. Fewer rainforests mean less rain, less oxygen for us to breathe, and an increased threat from global warming. But who is really to blame? Consider what we industrialized Americans have done to our own homeland. We converted 90 percent of North America’s virgin forests into firewood, shingles, furniture, railroad ties, and paper. Other industrialized countries have done no better. Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, and other tropical countries with rainforests are often branded as â€Å"environmental villains† of the world, mainly because of their reported levels of destruction of their rainforests. Why should the loss of tropical forests be of any concern to us in light of our own poor management of natural resources? The loss of tropical rainforests has a profound and devastating impact on the world because rainforests are so biologically diverse, more so than other ecosystems (e. g. , temperate forests) on Earth. Consider these facts: †¢A single pond in Brazil can sustain a greater variety of fish than is found in all of Europe’s rivers. †¢A 25-acre plot of rainforest in Borneo may contain more than 700 species of trees a number equal to the total tree diversity of North America. A single rainforest reserve in Peru is home to more species of birds than are found in the entire United States. †¢One single tree in Peru was found to harbor forty-three different species of ants – a total that approximates the entire number of ant species in the British Isles. †¢The number of species of fish in the Amazon exceeds the number found in the entire Atlantic Ocean. The biodiversity of the tropical rainforest is so immense that less than 1 percent of its millions of species have been studied by scientists for their active constituents and their possible uses. When an acre of tropical rainforest is lost, the impact on the number of plant and animal species lost and their possible uses is staggering. Scientists estimate that we are losing more than 137 species of plants and animals every single day because of rainforest deforestation. Surprisingly, scientists have a better understanding of how many stars there are in the galaxy than they have of how many species there are on Earth. Estimates vary from 2 million to 100 million species, with a best estimate of somewhere near 10 million; only 1. million of these species have actually been named. Today, rainforests occupy only 2 percent of the entire Earth’s surface and 6 percent of the world’s land surface, yet these remaining lush rainforests support over half of our planet’s wild plants and trees and one-half of the world’s wildlife. Hundreds and thousands of these rainforest species are being extinguished before they have even been identified, much less catalogued and studied. The magnitude of this loss to the world was most poignantly described by Harvard’s Pulitzer Prize-winning biologist Edward O.  Wilson over a decade ago: â€Å"The worst thing that can happen during the 1980s is not energy depletion, economic collapses, limited nuclear war, or conquest by a totalitarian government. As terrible as these catastrophes would be for us, they can be repaired within a few generations. The one process ongoing in the 1980s that will take millions of years to correct is the loss of genetic and species diversity by the destruction of natural habitats. This is the folly that our descendants are least likely to forgive us for. † Yet still the destruction continues. If deforestation continues at current rates, scientists estimate nearly 80 to 90 percent of tropical rainforest ecosystems will be destroyed by the year 2020. This destruction is the main force driving a species extinction rate unmatched in 65 million years. As human beings continue on the quest to find more efficient and economical ways of creating a better life, the world at large is feeling the effects. Searching for new land to build and to grow crops on has created a predictable disturbance to the biogeochemical cycle in rainforests. The biogeochemical chemical cycles in a rainforest rotates through both the biological and the geological world, this can be described as the biogeochemical process. Of course a rainforest takes hundreds of thousands of years to become lush and tropical, while it takes big business a matter of hours to demolish the land and begin building, farming or drilling oil wells on. The plants and animals in rain forest either remain undiscovered, become extinct or are lost to the destruction of the heavy machinery used to clear the land. This has an immense effect on the biogeochemical cycles in the rainforest. Reservoirs are affected and the trees of tropical rain forests are unable to bring water up from the forest floor that would naturally be evaporated into the atmosphere. This is a cycle that is necessary for the whole planet. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere by autotrophs during photosynthesis and taken up by both autotrophs and heterotrophs during respiration. In fact, all of the oxygen in the atmosphere is biogenic; that is, it was released from water through photosynthesis by autotrophs. It took about 2 billion years for autotrophs (mostly cyanobacteria) to raise the oxygen content of the atmosphere to the 21% that it is today; this opened the door for complex organisms such as multicellular animals, which need a lot of oxygen. (McShaffrey, 2006) This is typically the responsibly of trees in a rainforest to carry chemicals from the land into the atmosphere. Human beings are having a major impact on this action being completed. During the clearing of these rainforests, humans burn the area to be excavated and the carbon cycle in the area is then disrupted. Fossil fuels release into the atmosphere excess carbon dioxide. More carbon dioxide is then released into the air and the oceans eventually causing a common condition called global warming. Global warming simply means that the carbon dioxide produced in the atmosphere is permitting more energy to reach the Earth’s surface from the sun than is escaping from the Earth’s surface into space. Reference http://www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm How to cite Natural Resources and Energy in the Rainforests, Essay examples

Revenue Recognition Fraud Essay Example

Revenue Recognition Fraud Essay Revenue Recognition Fraud: Methods and Reason In today’s corporate arena, fraud has taken its seat among the top priorities of those who make policies and set standards. The majority of large-scale fraud is perpetrated by the improper recognition of company revenues and is, in practice, generally simple. Revenue recognition fraud can be carried out by keeping the books open past the end of the accounting period, recording consignment goods as sales, improper bill-and-hold transactions, failure to record offsetting accruals, and many other methods that boost earnings. Internal auditors need to understand the types of revenue recognition fraud and the internal controls that prevent the use of improper techniques. This knowledge will allow them to help management and the board of directors in protecting the reliability of financial reporting. Techniques for Revenue Recognition Fraud Revenue recognition fraud is not always difficult to understand. In many cases it’s rather easy to see once someone points it out. In his article â€Å"Timing is of the Essence,† Joseph T. Wells explains that the most common method of revenue recognition fraud is holding the books open past the end of the accounting period. He states, â€Å"proper accounting cut-off tests prevent most of these problems, but not all,† [Wells 2001]. He goes on to explain that companies can stop time clocks and continue shipping goods until sales targets are met, but competent auditors should notice that something obvious or at least suspicious is happening. Playing with time is not the only way to improperly recognize revenue. Another way to commit revenue recognition fraud is by recording goods on consignment as sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Recognition Fraud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Recognition Fraud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Recognition Fraud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consignment goods are those that a party ships to a selling agent. The shipment of these goods to the selling agent should never be recorded as a sale because they are still inventory of the consigning company. This method of revenue recognition fraud is detected by the reversal of sales that must take place in order to correctly record the revenue. Again, auditors should be able to identify these situations and take necessary actions [Wells 2001]. Along with these two methods, bill-and-hold transactions can be used to prematurely recognize revenue. Douglas R. Carmichael, in his article â€Å"Hocus-Pocus Accounting,† says that bill-and-hold scams are â€Å"difficult to audit and have long been associated with incidents of financial fraud,† [Carmichael 1999]. In a bill-and-hold transaction, after the customer says they will purchase goods, the seller bills the customer and holds the goods until the customer requests delivery. Even though this is not a GAAP violation, the SEC does have a checklist stating requirements that a transaction must fulfill in order to recognize the revenue. A method of premature revenue recognition that is a violation of GAAP is the failure to record offsetting accruals. This is a GAAP violation because unless you have completed your services you cannot record the entire amount of revenue [Wells 2001]. There are many organizations that receive payment in advance for services that they have yet to complete. Apartment complexes, magazine companies, and others would benefit in the short run by eliminating the liability and increasing the revenues. The deterrent to this fraud technique therefore is the GAAP rule. These methods of improperly recognizing revenue are illegal, prevented by GAAP, or detectible by auditors. Yet this type of fraud today seems to be more widespread and newsworthy. Why are so many companies failing to meet the standard of business ethics that we are taught in school? Pressure. â€Å"Public companies feel pressure to report quarterly earnings that meet or exceed analysts’ expectations – after all, failure to meet those expectations can hurt companies’ stock prices,† says Carmichael [Carmichael 1999]. Companies determine their success to a great extent by their stock prices, and rightly so. Corporations and industries can rise and fall from the interest or trust of the investing public. This pressure from the public can create potential problems within organizations. The Control Environment’s Effect on Fraudulent Revenue Recognition The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations, COSO, has established the widely accepted definition of internal control. This definition includes an area of internal control labeled the control or internal environment, which has seven components. Each of these components has an effect on every business that is in existence. There are two, however, that, if not taken into consideration, can lead to unethical decisions such as revenue recognition fraud. The first control environment component is commitment to integrity and ethical values, which means that management should strive for a culture that stresses integrity. Also, â€Å"top management should make it clear that honest reports are more important than favorable ones,† [Romney and Steinbart 2003]. If this were truly stressed in organizations, improperly recognizing revenue in order to boost profits would be a problem rarely found. The second and possibly more important component of the control environment is management philosophy and operating style. In an ideal organization this would be the channel through which commitment to integrity would flow. In this component it is stated that â€Å"the more responsible that management’s philosophy and operating style are, the more likely it is that employees will behave responsibly in working to achieve the organization’s objectives,† [Romney and Steinbart 2003]. However, in many instances this is not the case. Pressure from many directions causes a shift or change in management philosophy, and as the weakness in these two areas grows, the potential for revenue recognition fraud increases. Kyle Anne Midkiff gives an example in â€Å"Finding Fraud: Know the Warning Signs and Avoid the Problem,† where â€Å"in a division of a publicly traded company, management created an environment, in which achieving budgeted earnings was of paramount importance and needed to be accomplished at any cost,† [Midkiff 2003]. This philosophy is in striking contradiction to that desired by COSO, and therefore lacking a good control environment. This overwhelming stress on meeting budgeted goals and analyst’s expectations drives managers away from integrity and towards a success only mindset, which can lead to implementing one of the various methods of revenue recognition fraud. Conclusion Since the board of directors depends upon the internal auditors assessments of risks and controls, the internal auditors are crucial to maintaining a reliable financial reporting environment. The forms of revenue recognition fraud are many. Playing with time, recording consignment goods as sales, improper bill-and-hold transactions, and failure to record offsetting accruals are some of the many methods to improperly recognize revenue. These methods in practice are not terribly difficult to understand, and in many cases are limited by statue, policy, or audits. However, as Joseph T. Wells stated, â€Å"even adequate internal controls can be overridden by management,† [Wells 2001]. Therefore, the only way to eliminate revenue recognition fraud, in my opinion, is to change management philosophy to mirror that of COSO’s definition. For this to happen, pressure to meet expectations must not sit atop the pyramid, but instead be replaced by an unrelenting drive to secure the company’s integrity for its employees, shareholders, and customers. Works Cited Carmichael, Douglas R. â€Å"Hocus-Pocus Accounting. † Journal of Accountancy 188. (1999): 59-63. Midkiff, Kyle Anne. â€Å"Finding Fraud: Know the Warning Signs and Avoid the Problem. † The Legal Intelligencer 5 229. 95 (2003) Romney, Marshall B. , and Paul John Steinbart. Accounting Information Systems 9th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003. Wells, Joseph T. â€Å"Timing is of the Essence† Journal of Accountancy Online Issues (May 2001) http://www. aicpa. org/pubs/jofa/may2001/wells. htm http://www. theiia. org/download. cfm? file=83856

5 Steps To Make Your Freelance Clients Love Your Writing

5 Steps To Make Your Freelance Clients Love Your Writing The best way to make sure your freelance clients love your writing is to write top-notch copy. That much is true. As a professional writer, your skills are your main concern. But there is more to great copy when it comes to getting clients to love what youve done for them. You need to perfect the entire client process so that the experience of hiring you is as excellent as the work you produce. A bad experience can muddy up great final copy. So how do you get your freelance clients to love your work? 1. Ask Freelance Clients Questions Up Front Asking the right questions up front is the only way both you and the client will be clear on whats needed, whats possible, and what will happen. Desperation for work often causes us to not want to rock the boat with too many questions, and so we eagerly say yes to put on a facade of confidence and grab the job. And thats where the trouble starts. You either dont have enough information to do the job right, or you have to keep going back to the client to get that information you should have gotten in the first place. That isnt going to paint a professional image of who you are and how you work. Even if your final product is amazing, youve colored the experience for your client. Make a spreadsheet to track specifics for each freelance job. Questions at the beginning are best. Even if you have a lot. Find out the specifics, such as how many words the client expects, and when they want the completed project. Find out the background on the project. Perhaps you didnt know this client prefers interviews as part of the research process. And, dig deep to find the less obvious things the client may not think to tell you. They might assume you already know. Research the clients publication or blog to find out what kind of writing has been used in the past, and make notes of tone, style, and content. Know exactly what the client wants; they will appreciate your concern and professionalism as you ask pertinent questions. And they will love the result all the more. Ask all questions up front to keep the #FreelanceWriting experience from being ugly.2. Write In Your Strengths If Possible Youll be more enthusiastic if you write about topics you are knowledgeable, comfortable, and enjoy. Clearly, you cant always get projects that fit this definition, but make an effort to pursue and retain those that do. When you write about the things you love, you have already done the research. You are knowledgable not because you had to find information to finish a project, but because you found information over the years to satisfy your own curiosity. When you write about the things you love, you are writing from experience. You become your own reference, and you dont have to search the internet high and low to find the thoughts and quotes of others. You are an expert in your own right, and can freely talk. When you write about the things you love, your enthusiasm shows. Youll have a fresh take and toss the formulas aside and it will show in your writing. When you write about the things you love, your client will love what youve written for them. So, when you have a client who is asking you to write on something you dont love, thats fine. Thats the job. But if that same client starts to make life miserable for you, pushing boundaries and getting testy about what you charge for freelance writing, consider if you really want to fight that battle. Write about the things you love as much as you can. It shows in your work. #FreelanceWriting3. Write For Your Freelance Clients, Not Yourself Remember, youre not writing for yourself. In fact, for some writing projects, your name might not even be attached. You cant approach every writing project as if you are building a public reputation for yourself. Instead, you need to be aware of the voice your client needs, and be that voice for them, because youre actually building their public reputation with your words. Clients have chosen you because of your style and that they like your work, but maybe your blunt blog posts that they say they loved arent the correct tone for their corporate handbook. It all goes back to asking the right questions, one of which should be to ascertain what tone they are looking for. You may want to speak to their marketing department so that you are on message. Doesnt sound like fun, but you can have fun with your own voice on your own blog. When writing for clients, you must become the voice they need. Write for your #freelance clients, and not for yourself. You are their voice.4. Sell Your Work Back To Your Freelance Clients Self-promotion comes easily for some, but not all. For those of us who struggle with self-promotion, talking about yourself feels icky; talking about your work and selling it feels even worse. But you have to. You could present your client with the same finished product without much fanfare, or you could present it to them with both an attitude of confidence and essentially sell it back to them,  and theyd prefer the latter. Why would you sell it back to them when they already paid for it? Theyve hired you, havent they? That ought to be enough. Your client wants you to give them confidence about your work. They want you to reassure them that they didnt make a mistake in paying you money to write for them. Maybe you dont have to do it after youve been in a working relationship for quite a while, but at the beginning, especially, you need to help your client love your work by showing them that you love your work, too. Its a way of showing them youre giving them your best, and that youre not haphazard about their project. You have to convince #FreelanceWriting clients twice: to hire you, and to keep you.5. Respect Your Client Show your client respect. Again, your clients take on your work often has less to do with how great you writing is, but how their experience working with you was. If you respect your client, their experience will be a good one. Respect Deadlines Time is money. You know that, as a freelancer. The same applies to your client. They have a deadline for a reason; it fits their time schedule. When you turn a project it past a deadline or barely under the wire, you can cost them money.  Clients love your work. Theyll love it even more if you get it to them on time.

What to Do If You Have a Family Emergency in College

What to Do If You Have a Family Emergency in College Even though college students are often mocked for not living in the real world, many students do, in fact, deal with major life situations and events. Unexpected family illnesses, financial situations, deaths, and other events can happen during your time in college. Unfortunately, your academics might end up paying the price simply because you cant manage everything all at the same time. (And when faced with a major family emergency, its unrealistic to expect yourself to manage everything anyway.) If you find yourself faced with a family emergency in college, take a deep breath and spend 20-30 minutes doing the following. While it might seem like you dont have the time now, this small allotment of effort can do wonders for keeping your academics and college situation in check. Notify Your Professors and ​​Academic Adviser You dont have to go into too much detail, but you do need to let your professors know whats going on. Be as honest as you can without being dramatic. Let them know: What has happenedWhat it means for things like your class attendance, assignments, etc.What your next steps are, whether its an emergency trip home for the weekend or a longer absenceHow they can contact youWhen and how youll be contacting them next Ideally, everyone will then be aware of your situation and wont penalize you for having to miss class, be late on an assignment, etc. Additionally, your adviser should reach out in response and offer you some resources that can help with your situation. Tell the People You Live With Whats Going On Again, you dont need to share more than you need to. But your roommates might wonder whats going on if you leave without telling them for a few days; similarly, your RA might start to be concerned if he or she sees you missing class and/or coming and going at odd hours. Even if you just leave a note or send an email, its better to let people know that, for example, youre heading home to visit a sick relative than to cause undue worry or concern over your unexplained absence. Spend a Minute Thinking About Your Financial Situation Does this family emergency have financial consequences for you? Do you need to find funds right away for a flight home, for example? Does this emergency have a larger impact on your financial aid? It might seem awkward, but being aware of how your changed situation might affect your financial status is important. You can send a quick email to the financial aid office or even pop in for an emergency appointment. The staff there knows that life happens while youre in school, and you might be pleasantly surprised at the resources they have available for students in your situation. Think About Using the ​Counseling Center By their nature, emergencies cause turmoil, unrest, and all kinds of mixed (and often unwanted) emotions. At many (if not most!) institutions, visits to your campus counseling center are included in your tuition and fees. Even if you arent sure what youre feeling or how to feel about the situation, a visit to the counseling center might be a smart idea. Spend a minute or two calling the center to make an appointment they might have emergency slots open or at least finding out what resources are available if you decide you want them later. Tap Into Your Support Systems Whether its your best friend on campus or a favorite auntie who lives 3,000 miles away if youre facing an emergency family situation, check-in with those who support you the best. A quick phone call, text message, email, or even video chat can do wonders to update them as well as provide you with some love and support. Dont be afraid to reach out at a time you need them the most to those who love you the most. After all, if your friend or loved one were in your situation, you likely would be more than happy to support him or her however possible. Let yourself be supported by those around you as you deal with your situation.

Performance Management in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Performance Management in Organisations - Essay Example The paper offers a thorough analysis of the performance management system (PMS). It provides the information about vital components of the PMS, namely, its objectives, stages of development, setting of company goals and standards, working on performance appraisal, communication, and training. The author proves that an effective performance management system enables an organisation to set targets, monitor implementation, and evaluate the performance of its employees. It provides a platform to the management for communicating with employees in order to evolve ways and means to increase productivity and efficiency of the organization as a whole. The research shows that a successful PMS facilitates an effective dialogue between employee and supervisor to enhance individual performance. In particular, it gives managers and supervisors opportunities for giving positive reinforcement to employees. In order to be effective and acceptable, performance appraisals should be fair, open, and posi tive with developmental objectives. The unique part of the work is that the notion of the PMS is studied not only theoretically, but also through the comparison of the PMSs of two institutions,a state secondary school and a haulage firm. The author creates performance appraisal sheets for measuring teachers' and managerial work. Appraisal parameters of teachers' performance are academic knowledge and communication skills, ability to prepare lesson plans and to deliver them. Appraisal parameters of managerial work are managerial, operational, administrative, and decision-making skills.

The reserch paper on The Euro Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The reserch paper on The Euro Crisis - Essay Example This common national currency Euro is utilised by over 300 million people in the world’s most developed economic region, which is considered as a record in the international monetary system. The common currency Euro was established by the European nations with the objectives of acquiring better integration among member nations as well as to enhance the currency value in the global economy (Feenstra & Taylor, 2012). In the year 1999, Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was also established with the motive of utilising the single national currency i.e. Euro for all the trade activities performed by the European nations. In the starting of 2002, there were 12 countries in Europe Union (EU) which include Germany, Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Italy, France, Greece, Netherlands, Spain, Luxembourg and Portugal that utilised Euro as their national currency. Later on many countries also joined EU and adopted Euro as a national currency. However, three EU member countries namely Sw eden, United Kingdom and Denmark do not used Euro as their national currency. By the year 2010, there were 27 countries as members of EU. In Euro zone, the main objective of EMU was to establish a common monetary currency for EU members and to coordinate the monetary affairs of the member nations through European Central Bank (ECB). The euro zone has faced financial crisis due to sluggish economic growth as well as high rate of underemployment. Moreover, economic recession of 2008 has also raised many economic problems in the European nations (Arestis & Sawyer, 2012). Considering this aspect, the review will emphasize on the factors accountable for crisis in the European nations. The objective of the review is to recognise the reasons for Euro crisis. Moreover, review will also focus on remedies necessary for minimising the effects of Euro crisis in the European nations and other countries. The review includes other aspects related to the Euro crisis along with economic problems fac ed by the European nations. Background The Euro system of the European countries consists of ECB and 11 central banks of different nations. The Euro system has four major jobs with respect to economic growth and sustainability. The first job is to execute the monetary strategies implemented by Central Council of ECB. The second job is to undertake foreign exchange functions and the third job is to maintain money reserves of euro area nations. The Euro system is responsible for coordinating as well as managing monetary policy of EU. Euro was considered as a single common currency by EU members with the objective of acquiring a stabilised price for a long period of time. Moreover, with common currency it was expected that it would help to expand the market and also would assist in better integration of capital, goods and service. Furthermore, it was anticipated that with the introduction of common currency, Euro would be an important currency relating to foreign exchange markets (Euro pean Central Bank, 2009). Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) EMU was set up with the motive of stabilising the monetary operations as well as for prosperous economic development of the European nations. The vision of EMU is to develop an integrated framework for the financial sectors which enables the banking

Ethnic Variation among Cancer Patients Essay -- Medical Research

Ethnicity is a term used to distinguish individuals and classify them into groups based on cultural and occasionally physical characteristics. Ethnic groups vary in the degree to which they exhibit common ethnic factors from those who share no or little cultural traditions to those who share a wider range of factors such as cultural traditions, place of origin, ancestry, language, and religion. To clarify the misunderstanding between ethnic groups and ethnic minorities, ethnic groups vary in their size from those of a small number which called minorities to those of a large number which called majorities(Stillwell & Ham, 2009). There is a substantial evidence that suggests the presence of disparities among different ethnic groups and different socio-economic levels(Hill et al., 2010a, 2010b; Jeffreys et al., 2005; King, 2000, 2001; Tobias & Cheung, 2003) . Maori, for instance, have a lower life expectancy rate than that of non-Maori, to be exact Maori have life expectancy low er by 9 years than non-Maori (Hefford et al., 2005; Tobias et al., 2009 ). Moreover, they show higher susceptibility rates to disease, particularly heart and respiratory diseases and diabetes, compared to non-Maori(Hefford et al., 2005; King, 2000, 2001; Tobias et al., 2009). Similarly, people of low socio-economic level - poor education, housing, and low income- have poor health status (King, 2000, 2001; Tobias & Cheung, 2003). In fact, although ethnic groups are closely related to socio-economic status, ethnic disparities exists in all different groups with different socio-economic level(Tobias & Cheung, 2003). In order to explore ethnic disparities in depth, studies that prove cancer inequalities among different ethnic groups will be provided. ... ...alth Metrics, 1(1). doi: 12773214 Stillwell, J. & Ham, M. (Ed.). (2009). Ethnicity and Integration: Understanding Population Trends and Processes- Volume 3. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London & New York. Springer. Doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9103-1 Tobias, M., Blakely, T., Matheson, D., Rasanathan, K. & Atkinson, J. (2009). Changing trends in indigenous inequalities in mortality: Lessons from New Zealand. International Journal of Epidemiology. 38, 1711-1722. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp156 Hefford, M., Crampton, P. & Foley, J. (2005). Reducing health disparities through primary care reform: the New Zealand experiment. Health Policy. 72(1), 9-23. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2004.06.005 Blakely, T., Tobias, M., Robson, B., Ajwani, S., Bonne, M. & Woodward, A. (2005). Widening ethnic mortality disparities in New Zealand 1981-99. 61(10), 2233-2251. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.02.011

A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective. Discuss

Essay 2 A Personalised induction will always be more effective. Discuss (Word count = 2198) Introduction In this essay I will describe what a personal induction is and how it is composed then discuss the reasoning behind why they may be more effective for clients seeking change via hypnosis rather than using standard generic inductions. I will also look at some of the potential issues surrounding personal inductions before drawing a conclusion. But first we need to look in a bit more detail as to how they work and why they may be helpful in helping the client achieve their aim. It is has been stated that when we communicate with people only 7% of the communication is made up from the words we speak and the remaining 93% is made up of the tone and volume of the words (38%) and our body language (55%) (Chrysalis, Module 2). Although commonly quoted these figures are in fact quoted out of context from the original two limited experiments undertaken by Albert Mehrabian et al in 1967. If this were so then we should be able to understand someone communicating with us in a language we do not speak, which is not the case. However the three elements do pay a role in how we communicate with each other just not in the ratio outlined. As we know people are complex individuals. We view, make sense of and interact with the world around us all in slightly different ways. These differences are due to a number of internal and external processes that occur from the moment we enter the world and continue to develop, hopefully, until we leave it. External information from our environment reaches our brains via our 5 main senses, or sensual modalities. These are visual (sight), audio (hearing), kinaesthetic (feeling), olfactory (smell) and Gustatory (taste). This inflow of information from the five modalities is in turn monitored and filtered by the brain, most likely by our subconscious mind due to the volume of input, and anything that requires our attention is flagged up to the conscious mind so that we can take the necessary action/non-action required. I use the term non-action here to distinguish between something the subconscious mind views and flags as a threat that requires immediate action and something that on reassessed by the conscious mind, overridden no action required (e. g. being surprised by your son with a rubber snake! ). â€Å"The Psychology of Personal Constructs† (Kelly 1955), a theory of how personalities develop, describes how we may interpret reality through an internalised process called â€Å"constructs†, these are units of interpretation which serve as templates, or filters, for how we look at, and make sense of the world and how we can use these to predict future events. Some of these constructs may very well be intrinsic and hard wired into our subconscious from birth, like a fear of snakes or of heights which could be construed as common sense phobias and linked to our natural survival instincts. However most of the constructs that we use to make sense and judge the things around us, and our reactions to it, are developed over time as we learn to interact with our environment, and by our own experimentation, living in it. These internal constructs are shaped by external influences, our cultural up bringing, our language and by our past experiences. For example I have a fear (Not really a phobia! ) of going to the dentist, this is based on my early experiences as a child, before the introduction of the high speed drills and latest anaesthetics, being told it would not hurt. Then realising, during the actual procedure, I had been lied to and it did! It is these internal constructs, our likes and dislikes, our internal generalized assumptions and our prejudices, which develop differently within us over time so that each individual construes reality differently, even when placed in the same objective circumstances, that generate our view of the individual personality. Use of Modalities in Personalised Inductions Of the five sensual modalities mentioned earlier there are considered three main modalities (visual, auditory and kinaesthetic) and two subsidiary ones (olfactory and gustatory) and it is the three main modalities that are used for personalised inductions. Within the three main modalities each person will have one that is dominant or preferred and each individual’s preferred modality can be ascertained by careful, inconspicuous, observation and questioning of the client by the therapist during the sessions, taking note of the way they dress, the language they use (words and tone), their body language (the way they breath, their postures and gestures) and the work and pastimes they undertake. The inductions are constructed using wording and phrases that fit with the clients preferred modality. Some General Attributes of the Modalities 1. Visual People with a preference for this modality have good imaginations that allow them to fantasize and daydream whilst suspending the analytical/critical element of their mind. They like things to look nice, and be involved in things that involve seeing like art, photography, drawing, or films. They may like bright colours and be observant and creative. Clues that can be found in their choice of words are; look, see, appear, focus, imagine, references to bright colours or neatness. In phrases such as; â€Å"I see what you mean†, looks good to me†, It just goes to show†, â€Å"paint a picture†. They tend to speak faster as they think in images and pictures and in a high clear tone using shallow breathing. They hold their bodies upright and may have a thinner body type. 2. Auditory Auditory people listen internally to sounds and music, they are more logical in their thinking and tend to absorb sounds rather than sights around them. They are sensitive to any noise that is obtrusive to them and are unable to concentrate if sounds around them were not to their liking. They prefer work and pastimes that involve hearing, words or listening. Their choice of words may be; listen, hear, sound, say, discuss. In phrases such as; â€Å"I’m all ears†, â€Å"that sounds good†, â€Å"loud and clear†. They tend to speak in a melodious tone and at a pace between the visual and kinaesthetic person. Their breathing tends even to be centred in the middle of the chest They are good listeners and often will put their head to one side as they listen. 3. Kinaesthetic Kinaesthetic people tend to be empathetic. They are the ones who can â€Å"feel† a person’s emotions and can tune into moods quickly. Even if the person is displaying a smile a kinaesthetic person will be able to â€Å"feel† the hidden emotion if the smile is false. They tend to touch everything and will gladly ignore clutter if the place â€Å"feels† right as they simply don’t see it. Their choice of words may be; touch, solid, grasp, hard, cool, move In phrases such as; â€Å"I know how you feel†, â€Å"kick some ideas around†, â€Å"put you finger on it†. They may speak in a soft low tone with pauses in their speech. They may breathe deeply from their abdomens. They tend to have rounded shoulders and a more relaxed body posture. These are the three main modalities (Chrysalis, Psychotherapeutic Counselling, Year 1, and Module 2). However as the process of personality development is a dynamic one so the preferred modality will change over time. Especially where any therapeutic elements are engaged. Further Dimensions in Personalising Inductions There are four further dimensions which enhance the personalised induction. These are Permissive and Authoritarian inductions direct and indirect suggestions used within the inductions. Permissive Inductions These inductions are nurturing and non-judgemental in style and they are constructed so that the client has some control of the hypnotic process. The words used are softer and more caring and leave the client choice in the actions asked by the therapist. The client and the therapist are treated as equal partners. Comments like; â€Å"you may like to close your eyes†, â€Å"you might like to move around a little† bracketed with â€Å"that’s OK to do so† so giving choice and permission to the client. The clients most responsive to this will be those who are more imaginative and creative and do not dispute changed states of reality or ideas or those who have undertaken a few sessions of hypnosis already. This style is successful on people who are reaching goals like improving their behaviour or their working conditions. Authoritarian inductions Authoritarian inductions by contrast are commanding and direct. Their purpose is to establish control over the client. This technique was used in the early days of hypnosis as it was considered that the hypnotist would have greater success this way and is the classic view that a lay person would have of a hypnotherapist today (Hypnosis for Change, Hadley & Staudacher, 2001). Comments will be more direct; â€Å"Close your eyes†, â€Å"you will listen to my voice†, â€Å"I want you to relax†. This induction is best used on people that respond to authoritarian figures or on people that are new to the hypnotic process and expect this style from the hypnotist. This style is more successful on those who are seeking a specific target, losing weight or giving up smoking for example. Direct and Indirect Suggestions Direct suggestions are an obvious command or instruction to the client during the induction, â€Å"Now Close you eyes† and an indirect suggestion is also aimed at achieving a result but contains no commands. It maybe that in a moment or two, whenever you are ready, your eyes may wish to close.. † The use of direct or indirect suggestions will depend on the type of therapy that is being undertaken. Therapists generally believe that the indirect suggestions hold greater sway as they overcome any client resistance, this is a process where the client blocks the hypnotic process due to some form of anxiety. Indirect suggestions lend them selves to permissive i nductions. Direct suggestions lend themselves to authoritarian inductions. So now that we have an overview of the elements that aid the construction of a personalised induction. So how can they be helpful? As each client is an individual they expect to be treated as such. The therapist needs to quickly build rapport between them to engender trust and by explaining that the induction being used is tailored to them specifically shows a commitment by the therapist to the client. The initial assessment of the client may not produce enough observational evidence to use a genuine personalised script at first, so a generic one may do. However over a few appointments it should be possible to produce one that fits the clients preferred modality by careful observation of the client’s speech patterns or by a simple test (see appendix B for an example of a simple modality test – Successful NLP, Lazarus, 2010) and permissive or authoritarian view (Chrysalis, Psychotherapeutic Counselling, Year 1, and Module 2 pg 18 Client Assessment). However this course of action may be a laborious undertaking for little return and the therapist may get caught up in the process of producing a perfectly personalise induction at the expense of treating the client. Compounding Modalities Personalised inductions do not lend them selves well to A way of overcoming the requirement to tailor inductions would be to employ what is termed a compound induction. This induction uses words and phrases covering all modalities so that it will feel â€Å"Right† to the client from the beginning. The only adjustment required would to make this either permissive or authoritarian. There are situations where personalised inductions may not add any value. They can’t be used for group sessions for weight loss or giving up smoking for example. You also can't use them for recorded scripts or distribute them for others and they take up a lot of time in their production. Another issue with focussing on personalised inductions, is that they could imply that one's preferences and modalities are fixed. This is not the case. You might meet me for an initial consultation, presume the client is primarilly visual and inclined to prefer an authoritarian approach. However, the following weeks events could mean that next time you meet – after you've prepared your personalised induction – it is not at all appropriate or ffective. Conclusion We use personalised inductions because people are individuals and deserve to be treated as such. However, it it precisely because we recognise that people are individuals and dynamically unique, that we should realise that the initial consultation can't tell us everything we ever need to know about them. A personalised induction which is not dynamic can presume too much and pidgeonhole someone from the start with the therapist losing sight of the actual person. To the detrement of the client as they become just part of the process. I believe that the initial use of compound inductions would be more benificial to the client/therapist relationship and if these did not prove successful for the induction to be made more personal. So it is not a matter of which induction is more effective but how the induction envolves to meet the needs of both the client and the therapist to achieve a satisfactory theraputic outcome. References 1. Chrysalis, Psychotherapeutic Counselling, Year, Module 2, 1-2 07/2010. 2. Hadley, J & Staudacher, C, Hypnosis for Change, New Age Books, New Delhi, 2001. 3. Kelly, George The psychology of personal constructs. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1955 4. Lazarus, Jeremy, 2010, Successful NLP, Crimson Publishing, Richmond, Surrey, 2010 5. Mehrabian, Albert and Morton Wiener, â€Å"Decoding of inconsistent communications,† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 6:109-114, 1967 6. Mehrabian, Albert and Susan R. Ferris, â€Å"Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels,† Journal of Consulting Psychology 31:248-252. 1967. Appendix A – Preferred Representational System Questionnaire For each of the following statements please place a score next to every phrase using the following: 3 = next best description of your preference 2 = next best description after 3 above of your preference 1 = least likely description of your preference 1. Generally I make important decisions based on: 1. a__ which way looks best to me. 2. b__ which way sounds best to me 3. d__ my gut level feelings, what feels best to me 2. During a heated debate I am most likely to be influenced by: 1. b__ peoples’ tone of voice . a__ whether or not I can see the other person’s point of view 3. d__ how I feel about the topic 3. During a meeting I like information to be presented 1. a__ in a way that is neat and tidy, with pictures and diagrams 2. d__ in a way I can grasp and/or I can get a hands-on experience 3. b__ in the form of conversation so that we can discuss and I can ask questions 4. My favorite hobbies and pastimes typically involve 1. b__ listening to music, the radio or talk ing with people 2. __ watching films and other visual arts 3. d__ doing sport activities and generally moving about 5. I tend to resolve problems by 1. a__ looking at the situation all the alternatives possibly using diagrams 2. b__ talking through the situation with friends or colleagues 3. d__ trusting my intuition and gut felings 6. When with my friends 1. a__ I enjoy watching how they interact and behave 2. d__ I need to hug them, or sit close to them, when speaking to them 3. b__ I enjoy talking to them . I prefer to learn a particular aspect of a sport or activity by 1. a__ watching how the teacher or coach does it 2. d__ having the teacher or coach adjust my body into the right position 3. b__ listening to explanations, discussing and asking questions 8. When at a presentation I am most interested by 1. b__ the tone of voice and the way the presenter speaks 2. a__ the visual aids used by the presenter 3. c__ the opportunity to get to grips with the content, perhaps by actuall y doing an activity |a |b |c | |1 | | | | |2 | | | | |3 | | | | |4 | | | | |5 | | | | |6 | | | | |7 | | | | |8 | | | | |total |Visual=XX |Auditory=XX |Kinaesthetic=XX

Schizophrenia Is A Disorder Of The Brain - 950 Words

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